Friday, 09 November 2018 12:43

ቃል ሓዘን

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ኣቶ ገብረእግዝኣብሄር ገብረስላሴ ማና (ጃዕመል) ኣብ ዝተፈላለዩ ሕክምናዊ ትካላት ክእለዩ ድሕሪ ምጽናሕ ብ8 ሕዳር 2018 ፡ ኣብ ኣዲስ ኣበባ ዓሪፎም። ኣብቲ ዝዓረፍሉ ዕለት ከኣ  ኣብ ቤተክርስትያን ቅዱስ ገብርኤል ለቡ ቤተሰቦም፡ ፈተውቶምን ብዙሓት ኤርትራውያንን ኣብ ዝተረኽብሉ ሓመድ ኣዳም ለቢሶም። ታሪኽ ህይወቶም ከም ዝሕብሮ ብ1947 ኣብ ከባቢ ኣስመራ ቤት መኻእ ዝተወልዱ ኣቶ ገብረእግዝኣብሄር፡ ካብ ተጋድሎ ሓርነት ኤርትራ- ሰውራዊ ባይቶ ጀሚሮም ክሳብ ዕለተ ሞቶም ኣባል ሰልፊ ዲሞክራሲ ህዝቢ ኤርትራ (ሰዲህኤ) ኮይኖም ኣብቲ ምእንቲ ፍትሒ፡ ደሞክራስን ሰላምን ኤርትራን ህዝባን ዝግበር ዘሎ ቃልሲ ብዝለዓለ ደረጃ ክሳተፉ ዝጸንሑ ኤርትራዊ ነይሮም። ኣቶ ገብረእዝኣብሄር ገ/ስላሴ ኣብ ልዕሊቲ ዝነበሮም ህዝባዊ ሓልዮት፡ ነብሶም ንምኽኣል እውን ኣብ ዝተፈላለዩ ናይ ስራሕ መዳያት ክሳተፉ ዝጸንሑ ህርኩት ነይሮም።

ሰልፊ ዲሞክራሲ ህዝቢ ኤርትራ (ሰዲህኤ) ብሞት ኣቶ ገብረእግዝኣብሄር ዝተሰመዖ መሪር ሓዘን እንዳገለጸ፡ ናይቲ ሓዘን ተኻፋሊ ብምዃኑ ንቤተሰቦም ጽንዓት ንመዋቲ ከኣ መንግስተ-ሰማያት ይምነ።

ክብርን ዝኽርን ንሰማእታትና!

መንግስተኣብ ኣስመሮም

ኣቦመንበር ሰዲህኤ

9 ነሓሰ 2018

plans to build naval base “adjacent to the Red Sea & the Indian Ocean.”

So says General Berhanu Jula, Deputy Chief of Staff of the Ethiopian Armed Forces. He told Addis Standard: “We are consulting with other countries regarding the naval reinstatement, capacity, & structure.”

Ethiopia bases 2

Ethiopia is certainly a great nation. But – apart from a few patrol craft on lake Tana –  what is General Berhanu thinking of? Where will these bases be?

He gave a few more details.

Ethiopia bases

What does ‘adjacent to’ the Red Sea mean, other than establishing bases at Assab or Massawa? President Isaias has travelled to Ethiopia today. Isaias Gondar

Are naval bases on the agenda of the tripartite meeting that President Isaias, Prime Minister Abiy and Somalia’s President Farmajo are due to hold in Gondar?

The three leaders have every right to discuss the proposals, but these are major developments. They need to be put to the people for their consideration. But while Ethiopia and Somalia have parliaments, Eritrea does not.

Without transparency and democratic buy-in, surely the Eritrean people have a right to question the legitimacy of what will inevitably require a reduction in their sovereignty?

President Isaias has already allowed Saudi Arabia and the UAE to develop bases at Assab.  But allowing Ethiopia to return to their former bases would be another matter altogether.

Eritreans fought for independence for 30 years to end Ethiopian control over their territory. They defended it in the 1998 – 2000 border war. Tens of thousands laid down their lives. President Isaias must surely be open with them about what he plans, and obtain their consent.

Ethiopia’s previous naval bases on the Eritrean coast

In 1955, the Imperial Ethiopian Navy was founded, with its primary base—the Haile Selassie I Naval Base—at Massawa. By the early 1960s workshops and other facilities were under construction at Massawa to give it complete naval base capabilities.

Ethiopia Massawa

The Imperial Ethiopian Navy established four bases: Massawa was the site of the naval headquarters and enlisted training facilities; the naval air station and naval academy were at Asmara; Assab was the site of a naval station, enlisted training facilities, and a repair dock; and there was a naval station and communications station on the Dahlak Islands in the Red Sea near Massawa.

Former Ethiopian diplomat Birhanemeskel Abebe speculated that strategic and geo-political security concerns could be driving the navy plan.

“Ethiopia’s right to use international waters demands it has a naval base,” he told the BBC’s Newsday programme.

He suggested Kenya, Somaliland and Djibouti as possible locations for the base. But the ports of Eritrea are much more obvious.

The plan, Mr Birhanemeskel said, was to push for the “unification of the Horn of Africa as an economic bloc and the navy is part of that project”.

Friday, 09 November 2018 09:41

Radio Demtsi Harnnet Kassel 08.11.2018

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መራሕቲ ሕመቕ ካብ ዝግለጸሉ ሓደ: ኣብ ክንዲ ናብ ውሽጥኻ ምቁማት ናብ ደገደገ ምምዕዳው እዩ። እዚ ሓማቕ ኣካይዳ ኣብ መራሕቲ ጥራይ ዝድረት’ውን ኣይኮነን። መራሕቲ ከምዚ ካብ ዝገብርሉ ቀንዲ ምኽንያት ከኣ ምስቲ ናብ ውሽጦም ጠሚቶም እመርሖ እየ ዝብልዎ ህዝቢ ዘየሳኒ ረብሓን ባህርን ክህልዎም እንከሎ እዩ። ናይዚ ግብራዊ ኣብነት ንምጥቃስ ናይ ሃገርና ህልዊ ኩነታት መስካሪ እዩ። ኣቶ ኢሳይያስ ኣፈወርቂ ኣብ ቅድሚ ህዝቢ ኤርትራ ደው ዝብለሉ ሞራልን ፍናንን እንዳረሓቖ ምስ ከደ ኣብ ሓጽቢ ዓዲ ሃሎ ተዓምጺጽካ ምውዓል ከዘውትር ጸኒሑ። ደሓር ግና በዚ መጸ ዘይተባህለ፡ ንሱ ግና ንሓንሳብ ክንሰርሓሉ ጸኒሕና ንሓንሳብ ከኣ ከባብያዊ ምዕብልና ዘምጸኦ እዩ ዝብሎ መስተርሆ ረኺቡ እነሆ ጉዕዞ ናብ ኢትዮጵያ፡ ሱዕድያን ኢማራት ዓረብን መንገዲ ማይ ገይርዎ።

እቲ ኣብ ኤርትራ ተለጒሙ ዝጸንሐ ልሳኑ ክወሳወስ ጀሚሩ። ኩሉ ኣካይድኡ ናቱ ዕዮ ገዛ ከም ዝወደአ ደገደገ ከመዓዱን ብዛዕባኡ ክምድርን ዝህቅን ምዃኑ ንሰምዖን ንዕዘቦን ኣለና። ንኣብነት ኣብ ዝሓለፈ መዓልታት ኣብ ዝገበሮ ዘሕፍርን ንህልዊ ኩነታት ኤርትራ ዘይምጥንን ቃለ-መጠይቕ፡ ያኢ ብዛዕባቲ ከባቢ 5 ሚልዮን ዝብዝሑ ህዝቢ ኤርትራ ኣድሚዑስ፡ ናይ 480 ሚልዮን ህዝቢ ዞባና ኩነታት መነባብርን ዕቤትን ከም ዘጨንቖን ዝዓጦን ሃለው ክብል ሰሚዕናዮ። ብዙሓት ወገናት እንተላይ እቶም ብዛዕባኦም ዝዛረብ ዝነበረ ዘይኤርትራውያን ወገናት፡ ኪኖ ምስማዕ ተዓዚበምዎ እዮም። መራሕቲ ኣይኮነንዶ ብዛዕባ ዞባኦም፡ ብዛዕባ ዓለም እውን ክዛረቡ ልሙድን ቅቡልን እዩ። ምኽንያቱ ኣብዚ ንነብረሉ ዘለና ዓለማዊ ኩነታት ገዝኻ ዓጺኻ በይንኻ ምንባርን ምዕባይን ስለ ዘይከኣል። እንተኾነ ናይተን ኣብቲ ብዛዕባኡ ትዛረበሉ ዘለኻ ዞባ ዝርከባ ሃገራት ዕቤትን ርግኣትን ተደሚሩ እዩ ናይ ሓባር ዕቤትን ቅሳነትን ዘምጽእ እምበር፡ ናትካ ኣበሳ ከየዕረኻ ኣብ ሰገነት ወጺእካ ብዛዕባ ዞባ ብምምዳር ጥራይ ዝመጽእ ኣይኮነን።

ኣቶ ኢሳይያስ ኣይኮነንዶ ምስ ህዝቢ ኤርትራ ምስ ነብሱ እውን ዘይተዓረቐ ክነሱ፡ ብዛዕባ ናይ ከባቢ ርግኣት ክዛረብ እንከሎ ብዙሕ ዘዛርብ እንድዩ ብድብድቡ “ኣየምሕረሉን ኣይግብራውን ከኣ” ኢልናዮ ንሕለፍ። ናቱ ኣቐሚጡ ብዛዕባ እንዳማቱ ክዛረብ ህርድግ ብምባሉ “ናታ እንዳሓረራስ እንዳማታ ተካውስ” ምባሉ ከኣ ብግቡእ ዝገልጾ እዩ።

ከምቲ “ትውሕጦ እንተበልኩዋስ ትጎስሞ” ዝበሃል፡ በቲ ቅድሚ ሕጂ ብደረጃ ክልተ መንግስታት ኤርትራን ኢትዮጵያን ኣብ ኣስመራን ኣዲስ ኣበባን ከባቢኣን ዝተገብረ ርክባት ዘርኣዮ ፍኹሰት ዝሰዓቦ ውግዘት ከይኣኽሎ ሕጂ ከኣ ናብ ሓንቲ ካብ ክልላዊ መንግስታት ኢትዮጵያ ኣምሓራ ይገይሽ ኣሎ። ሓደ ብዛዓብዚ ኣቶ ኢሳይያስ ዝገብሮ ዘሎ ጠብሎቕሎቕ ዝተገረሙ ኤርትራዊ “እንታ ንሱ እንተዓበደስ እቶም ኣብቲ ከባቢኡ ዘለዉስ የኽፈኣልና ኣሎ ዶ ኣይብሉን እዮም” ዝበልዎ፡ ንርኢቶ ብዙሓት ኤርትራውያን ዝውክል እዩ ዝብል ግምት ኣለኒ። እቲ ዕብዳን ኣብኡ ጥራይ ዝተደረተ ከምዘይኮነ ግና ዘይምርሳዕ። ገለ ንኢሳይያስ ምቅላዕ ከም ናቶም ሕፍረት ዝወስድዎ መጸባበቕቲ ከኣ፡ ወዮ ኣቶ ኢሳያስ ምስ ህዝቡን ዘይተዓርቀ ኣብ ጨንቂ ዝነብር ፍጡር ምዃኑ ጠፊኡናስ ናብ ጎንደር ናይ ምጋሹ ምኽንያት፡ ጉንበት 7ን ኣርበኞችን ክዓርቕ፡ ንኦነግን ንዶ/ር ኣብይን ከሰማምዕ፡ ኣብ መንጎ ክልላዊ መንግስታት ትግራይን ኣምሓራን ዘሎ ምስሕሓብ ኣብ ምህዳእ ክሕግዝ ከም ዝገሸ ኣምሲሎም ከቕርብዎ ይፍትኑ። እዚ ኩሉ ንኢሳይያስ ኣብ ጥራይ መዓኮሩ ኣተዓባቢኻ ንምቕራብ ዝፍተን ብኣረጊት ትምክሕቲ ዝተላዕጠጠ ምህዞ እዩ። ምኽንያቱ ኣብ ሕልና ኢሳይያስሲ ናይ ምጽላእ እምበር ናይ ምትዕራቕ መንፈስ የለን። ኣብ ኤርትራዊ ባይታ እነንብቦ እውን ንሱ እዩ።

ኣቶ ኢሳያስ ካብ ዝልለየሎም ባህርያት ሓደ ኣብ ከባቢኡ ህዱእ ኩነታት ከይፍጠር እሞ ንሱ እውን ከምኡ ከስፍን ንከይጥለብ ምሕንካር እዩ። እዚ ባህርያቱ ኣብ ሱዳንን ካለኦት ጐረባብትን ኣብ ብዙሕ ኣጋጣምታት ተራእዩ እዩ። ሎሚ ከኣ ወየ ዕርክነቱ ምስ ዶ/ር ኣብይ ኣሕመድ ቁሩብ ከይሰጐመ “ንኣምሓራይ ኣጆኻ ንትግራዋይ ከኣ ወይለኻ” ክብል እንዳሰማዕናዮስ ዓራቒ ኣምሲልካ ምቕራቡ ትርጉሙ ኣይርደኣናን ኣሎ ማለት ድዩ። ኣብ ክንድኡ “መናቖቲ” እንተዝበሃል መመልከዓሉ። ኢትዮጵያውያን፡ ኢሱን ካልእ ዘሻህርቶ ኣስማትን እንዳሃቡ ይዕዘብዎ ክህልዉ ከኣ ባህርያዊ እዩ። ኢሳይያስ ኣብቲ ናይዚ ቀረባ ግዜ ተገዲዱ ከም ዝገበሮ ዘፍልጥ ቃለ-መጠይቑ ካብ ዝጠቐሶ ንምጥፍፋእ ከም ዝጽየፍን ካብ ኤርትራ ወጻኢ ንዝፍጸም ከይተረፈ ክምክት ከም ዝመጣጠርን ሰሚዕናዮ ኢና። ከምኡ ዝብል ዘሎ ምስ ብንብረት ህዝቢ ኤርትራ ዝዘቕበበ ሳጹናቶም ዘህጠሩን ኣእዳዎም ብደም ንጹሃት ኤርትራውያን ዝጨቀወን ወተሃደራዊ ኣዘዝቱ ይነብር ከም ዘሎ ህዝቢ ኤርትራ ኮነ መራሕቲ ከባቢና ኣይፈልጡን እዮም ኢሉ ስለ ዝግምት ድዩ። ይፈልጥ እዩ ግና ኩሉ ግዜ ናትካ ኣቐሚጥካ ወሓለ መሲልካ ብዛዕባ ካለኦት ምዝራብ ስለ ዝመርጽ እዩ። ብዛዕባ ጀነራላት ፍሊጶስን ተኽለ ማንጁስን እንተዝዛረብ ግና ቀልቢ ኤርትራውያን መረኸበ።

በቲ ሓደ ወገን ክሳብ ኣብቲ ንመንግስቲ ኢትዮጵያ ዝመርሕ ዘሎ ግንባር ኣትዩ ኣብ ኣደባባይ ክፈላሊ ምፍታኑ ክሳብ ክንደይ ቦሶሮ ፖለቲከኛ ኮይኑ ከም ዘሎ ዘረድእ እዩ። ገለ እቲ ቀደም ኢሳይያስ ሓቀኛ ባህሪኡ ሓቢኡ ክነብር እንከሎ ዝፈልጥዎ ኤርትራውያን፡ ኩሉ ንሱ ዝገብሮ ነዊሕ ዝጥምት ኣምሲሎም ከቕርብዎ እዮም ዝፍትኑ። እዞም ወገናት እዚ ሰብኣይ ትምክሕትን ስኻርን ዝወለዶ ዕሽነት ወሲድዎ ከም ዘሎ ምስትብሃል ከድልዮም እዩ። ኣብ ሓደ እዋን እዚ ሰብኣይ ቤት ጽሕፈቱ ዓጽዩ መዓልቲ መዓልቲ ናብ ጋሽ ባርካ እንዳኸደ ኣብዘይሞያኡ ክሕንክር ተዓዚቦም “መራሒ ዝሰርሖ ስራሕ ግዳ ዘይሰርሕ” ክብልዎ ይዝከረኒ። ሎሚ እውን ነዚ እዩ ናብ ኣዲስ ኣበባ፡ ኣዋሳ፡ ጎንደርን ባህርዳር ኣስፊሕዎ ዘሎ እምበር ሓድሽ ኣየምጸአን። ኩሉ ተግባራቱ ተደሚሩ ከኣ ዕላማኡ ካብቲ ባዕሉ ዝዛረብ ዘተሓሳስብ ኤርትራዊ ኩነታት ንምህዳም ዝሃንደሶ እዩ።

Wednesday 7 November 2018

U.S. Deputy Secretary of State John Sullivan addressing the staff of American embassy in Khartoum 16 Nov 2017 (Photo U.S. Embassy Khartoum)

November 6, 2018 (WASHINGTON) - Sudan and the United States are expected to agree on a new plan for the removal of the east African nations from the list of state sponsors of terrorism.

Sudanese foreign minister El-Dirdeiry Ahmed and U.S. Deputy Secretary of State John Sullivan Tuesday started talks in Washington on the normalization of bilateral relations and the removal of his country from the terror list which the major obstacle in this respect.

The removal process is complex and requires a six-month-long review as well as the consent of the U.S. Congress which traditionally is made up of an active group of lawmakers hostile to the regime of President Omer al-Bashir.

Sources close to the ongoing talks told Sudan Tribune that the new plan will be labelled the "five-track engagement +1" to say it would include important parts of the previous five-track engagement that led to the lift of the economic sanctions.

In October 2017, Washington decided the lift of a 20-year embargo on Sudan saying Khartoum has fully cooperated on five key areas of concerns agreed in December 2016.

These areas include the counterterrorism cooperation, the humanitarian access to the conflict areas, Sudan support to regional efforts to end the South Sudanese conflict and to fight against the Ugandan rebel Lord Resistance Army. In July 2017, Trump administration added the commitment to the international sanctions on North Korea.

The sources further pointed out that the focus in the new plan will be on the human rights and freedoms particularly religious freedom.

"So, this time Washington wants Khartoum to observe the international law and principles on this respects but also to amend its repressive and coercive laws," the sources said

"Khartoum, also, should issue a law banning the abusive destruction of churches by the Sudanese authorities," it stressed.

Sudan has already stopped the destruction of churches but didn’t formally ban it.

Recently, security agents in South Darfur detained and tortured a priest and 8 people forcing the latter to revert to Islam after their conversion to Christianity.

In November 2017 during a visit that Sullivan conducted to Khartoum, the two countries agreed to exchange written notes on the process before to meet for a better understanding.

During this year 2018, several American officials visited Sudan to discuss relations with North Korea, as a UN report unveiled contacts between Pyongyang and Khartoum.

In its report to the Security Council on 5 March 2018, a panel of UN experts on Security Council sanctions against North Korea reported suspected activities of North Korean nationals in Sudan in 2016 and 2017.

Recently, the Sudanese security and intelligence services blamed the local press for reporting the arrest of fake North Korean doctors in Khartoum saying there was no need to mention their nationality.

In the past, Khartoum informed Washington they had expelled all the North Korean nationals from the country.

(ST)

This  compilation of treaties has much that is of interest.

Treaties

It includes a treaty governing the use of the Nile and another which contained this promise from Emperor Menelik, “Done at Adis Abbaba, the 14th day of May, 1897.”

“His Majesty the Emperor Menelek II, King of Kings of Ethiopia, engages himself towards the Government of Her Britannic Majesty to do all in his power to prevent the passage through his dominions of arms and ammunition to the Mahdists, whom he declares to be the enemies of his Empire.”

This helped lay the foundations for the relationship between Britain and Ethiopia.

It dealt with Sudan, but perhaps it also explains why Britain felt such anger in 1915 when Lij Iyasu started sending ammunition to the “mad Mullah” in Somaliland – another of London’s enemies in the region.

Wednesday, 07 November 2018 23:55

The United Arab Emirates in the Horn of Africa

Written by

 

by Martin Plaut

The UAE, together with its ally Saudi Arabia, played a highly visible role in helping make peace between Eritrea and Ethiopia. As its footprint across the Horn of Africa grows, the UAE should avoid having intra-Gulf competition colour its engagement. 

Source: International Crisis Group

What’s new? The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has been expanding its role in the Horn of Africa. Along with other Gulf powers, it is broadening its ties to the region. Strategic rivalries, including those within the Gulf Cooperation Council pitting the UAE and Saudi Arabia against Qatar, often motivate Gulf powers’ increasing influence.

Why does it matter? The influence of, and competition among, Gulf states could reshape Horn geopolitics. Gulf leaders can nudge their African counterparts toward peace; both the UAE and Saudi Arabia helped along the recent Eritrea-Ethiopia rapprochement. But rivalries among Gulf powers can also sow instability, as their spillover into Somalia has done.

What should be done? The UAE, whose Horn presence is particularly pronounced, should build on its successful Eritrea-Ethiopia diplomacy. It should continue backing Eritrean-Ethiopian peace, encouraging both parties to fulfil their commitments. Abu Dhabi should heal its rift with the Somali government, and thus help calm tensions between Mogadishu and its peripheries.

1.     Overview

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has emerged in recent months as an important protagonist in the Horn of Africa. Through political alliances, aid, investment, military base agreements and port contracts, it is expanding its influence in the region. A recent manifestation came in the summer of 2018, when Eritrea and Ethiopia announced – after a flurry of visits to and from Emirati officials – that they had reached an agreement to end their twenty-year war. Emirati and Saudi diplomacy and aid were pivotal to that deal. Elsewhere, however, Gulf countries have played a less constructive role. Competition between the UAE and Saudi Arabia, on the one hand, and Qatar on the other, spilled into Somalia beginning in late 2017, aggravating friction between Mogadishu and Somali regional leaders. Abu Dhabi’s relations with the Somali government have collapsed. As its influence in the Horn grows, the UAE should build on its Eritrea-Ethiopia peace-making by continuing to underwrite and promote that deal, while at the same time looking to reconcile with the Somali government.

An array of calculations shapes the UAE’s actions in the Horn. The Gulf port cities have a long history of ties with Africa, centred around maritime trade and dating to the era before the Emirates united as a nation-state. From 2011, however, Abu Dhabi began to look at the countries along the Red Sea coast as more than commercial partners. Turmoil in the Middle East, Iran’s growing regional influence, piracy emanating from Somalia and, from 2015, the war in Yemen combined to turn the corridor’s stability into a core strategic interest. The 2017 Gulf crisis, which saw Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain and Egypt cut ties with Qatar, pushed leaders on both sides of the divide to double down on their alliances, including in the Horn. Since then, the UAE has nailed down diplomatic relationships and extended its reach, particularly along the Red Sea.

In places, Gulf rivalries have been destabilising.

In places, Gulf rivalries have been destabilising. In Somalia in particular, the UAE, perceiving the Somali government of President Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed “Farmajo” as too close to Qatar and keen to protect years of investment, has deepened its relations with the governments of Somalia’s regions, or federal states. Importing the Gulf crisis into Somalia has contributed to tensions between Mogadishu and the federal states that over recent months have threatened to boil over. Elsewhere, however, Abu Dhabi’s peace-making is evident. The UAE, together with Saudi Arabia, provided critical diplomatic and financial support to help Eritrea and Ethiopia take the first steps toward a rapprochement that could prove enormously beneficial for wider Horn stability. Both Gulf monarchies also appear to have contributed to an easing of tensions between Ethiopia and Egypt.

The UAE, along with its fellow Gulf monarchies, is investing in the Red Sea and Horn of Africa for the long haul. Ideally, its successful Eritrea-Ethiopia diplomacy would provide the basis for that engagement. To that end, it should consider the following:

  • Keep underwriting Eritrean-Ethiopian peace, including by releasing the aid it has promised and pressing Asmara and Addis Ababa to follow through on the September agreement they signed in Jeddah;
  • Seek to end its debilitating spat with Mogadishu, with the understanding that warmer Abu Dhabi-Mogadishu relations are likely a prerequisite for overcoming divisions between President Farmajo’s government and Somali regional leaders. The UAE could encourage allies in the regions to reconcile with Mogadishu and take steps to facilitate their doing so, for example pledging to inform Farmajo’s government of its activities in the federal states, from training security forces to developing ports.

1.     The UAE’s Long Involvement in the Horn

When the Eritrean and Ethiopian leaders signed the September agreement, Saudi Arabia and the UAE’s role in brokering it was in full view. The ceremony took place in Jeddah, on Saudi Arabia’s Red Sea coast. The two African leaders sat in an opulent room under the gaze of a metres-high portrait of the founding Saudi king, Abdulaziz. The current king, Salman, looked on, flanked by Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman and the Emirati foreign minister, Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed. The traditional regional powerbrokers – Western countries, the UN and the African Union (AU) – were absent.

The Eritrean-Ethiopian rapprochement, as well as a flurry of other Horn of Africa diplomacy, has greatly boosted Gulf states’ visibility as geopolitical actors along the Red Sea. Saudi Arabia and the UAE are now central to conversations about the future of a region still suffering strife and instability. With Washington seemingly in retreat, the Gulf countries appear intent on playing a major role. As one Gulf official put it: “If you look at the future of Africa, it’s clear – China is in. The Arab countries are in. The U.S. is not”.

The larger questions are what each Gulf country aims to gain and how each intends to use its newly acquired leverage.

The UAE itself has a long track record of engagement across the Red Sea.

The UAE itself has a long track record of engagement across the Red Sea. It hosts large diasporas from Horn countries, some of which were integral to its founding in 1971. Arabic-speaking Sudanese civil servants helped build nascent ministries, and members of the diaspora still swap stories about how President Omar al-Bashir was once Khartoum’s military attaché in Abu Dhabi.

Dubai, meanwhile, is the banking hub for many Somali businesses.

The Emirates’ history as a trading coast also informs its contemporary economic outreach. The UAE’s model of economic diversification is built around its role as a logistics hub and regional headquarters. It is a model premised on freedom of maritime navigation, including through Bab al-Mandab, the narrow passage from the Gulf of Aden to the Red Sea, and the Strait of Hormuz. Analysts often describe both bodies of water as chokepoints because they are easily closed to oil tankers and other cargo ships. Having cooperative, even like-minded governments along the Red Sea corridor is a strategic priority.

Africa is also a natural theatre for trade and logistical ambitions. It comes as no surprise that one of the Dubai-based logistics giant DP World’s first contracts abroad was in Djibouti, where it began to develop Doraleh port in 2006.

III. The Arab Uprisings and a New Emirati Stance Abroad

The 2011 Arab uprisings vested the Red Sea with strategic importance for the UAE beyond core economic interests and led Abu Dhabi to view that corridor, as well as places as seemingly far-flung as Jordan and Libya, as its “neighbourhood”.

Those uprisings transformed the Middle East from a zone of entrenched autocracies into a web of conflicts that political Islamists associated with the Muslim Brotherhood, whom the UAE and Saudi Arabia view as enemies, initially seemed to be winning. Abu Dhabi, in particular, views groups affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood, which have traction inside the Emirates, as an existential threat. Their ascendancy as far away as North Africa alarmed the Emirates, particularly as conflicts across the Arab world increasingly appeared interlinked, with events in one place shaping those elsewhere.

A growing sense of danger bred a more interventionist foreign policy. The UAE, like Saudi Arabia and Qatar, funnelled support to allies in Libya, Egypt and elsewhere. To explain these actions to citizens at home – used to an economically focused UAE – Emirati leaders invoked an argument still oft-repeated in policymaking hallways in Abu Dhabi: you can’t be safe if your neighbourhood is at war.

Egypt’s future took on particular importance after its first democratic election in modern history brought a Muslim Brotherhood leader, Mohamed Morsi, to the presidency. After Morsi’s ouster in a coup that the UAE and Saudi Arabia lauded and may have actively encouraged, Abu Dhabi and Riyadh, together with Kuwait, poured billions into the new government’s coffers.

Abu Dhabi also kept a keen eye on the security of the Suez Canal, including when the scale of piracy in the Red Sea, the canal’s southern gateway, jumped in the mid-2010s. Seeing a risk to its oil shipments and cargo containers, the UAE took an active role in counter-piracy initiatives. In Somalia, it trained a marine police force in the semi-autonomous region of Puntland and began experimenting with counter-terrorism operations against the Islamist Al Shabaab insurgency. The country became a Petri dish of learning for UAE special forces, which Western defence officials describe as the most capable in the Gulf today.

1.     The Yemen Catalyst

By 2015, the tumult in the Middle East – the Islamic State’s rise, Libya’s collapse, the Syria inferno, instability in post-coup Egypt and fear at what some Gulf leaders saw as Iran’s increasing influence across the region – created a siege mentality in some Gulf monarchies. In that context, Saudi Arabia and its primary partner the UAE led a military intervention in Yemen to roll back Huthi rebels loosely allied with Tehran. The Huthis had ousted the president and taken control of the capital and much of the country in late 2014 and early 2015.

In its anti-Iran drive, Riyadh sought assistance from past allies Sudan and Eritrea, both of which had strengthened ties with Tehran while all three countries were under international sanctions. Beginning in the 1990s, Sudan had built its defence industry with Iranian assistance and know-how; Eritrea had offered use of its port, Assab, to the Iranian navy. In 2014, however, both countries ejected Iranian diplomats. A year later, both agreed to contribute troops and resources for the Yemen war.

At the outset of the Yemen conflict, the UAE and Saudi Arabia were alarmed by Huthi rebels’ gains around Bab al-Mandab, raising the possibility that an Iranian-allied group would control such a chokepoint. They prioritised retaking Yemen’s western and southern coastlines.

The UAE took de facto responsibility for operations in Yemen’s south and quickly found itself in need of a naval and air base along the Red Sea. The natural candidate was Djibouti, where DP World had built the port. By then, however, Abu Dhabi’s relationship with Djibouti was souring over allegations of corruption related to DP World’s contract (DP World disputes the allegations).

Officials from the two countries had a falling-out in April 2015, when the UAE, with DP World’s infrastructure, sought to use Djibouti as a military launching pad into Yemen.

The Saudi-led coalition turned to another port, Eritrea’s Assab. Riyadh signed a security agreement also that April to use Assab, leaving Abu Dhabi to carry out the deal’s terms. By September, the Emirati military was flying fighter-bombers from the Eritrean coastline.

The dispute with Djibouti left the UAE uneasy about its reach along the Red Sea corridor. Abu Dhabi worried that it could not rely on allies in the Horn – even in cases where it felt existential questions were at stake.

As UAE-backed Yemeni forces pushed northward along the Red Sea coast, Abu Dhabi sought to expand its strategic depth. DP World and the Emirati military each penned an agreement to develop Berbera port in the self-declared republic of Somaliland. A subsidiary of DP World later signed a contract with local authorities in the Somali federal state of Puntland to develop Bosaso port. The attitude, as one Emirati official put it, became “fill space, before others do”.

1.     The Intra-Gulf Crisis

The June 2017 Gulf crisis brought yet more urgency to the scramble along the Red Sea corridor. Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain and Egypt cut ties with and imposed an embargo on Qatar.

Among the reasons the UAE in particular cited for breaking ties with Qatar was Doha’s alleged betrayal of the Saudi-led coalition efforts in Yemen.

The Qataris had sent few personnel to the war theatre, but Abu Dhabi accused them of having revealed the location of a UAE-led operation to al-Qaeda, resulting in Emirati casualties, though they provided no evidence to support that allegation. (Qatar at the time declined to respond to this specific claim, and urged the UAE to provide evidence.

) After they imposed an air and naval blockade on Yemen, Riyadh and Abu Dhabi continued to claim that Doha was working actively against Saudi-led efforts, particularly through the media.

Also at the outset of the Gulf crisis, both sides began a frantic diplomatic push to secure allies, including among countries in Africa. In the Horn, competition was particularly fraught, given this subregion’s strategic value and proximity to Yemen. Djibouti and Eritrea both issued statements of support for the Saudi alliance, prompting Qatar to withdraw 400 observers it had stationed to monitor a border dispute between the two.

In Somalia, Farmajo, who had assumed office only months before the Gulf crisis, reportedly faced intense Saudi and Emirati pressure to cut ties with Doha. Although the president insisted that he wanted to remain neutral, for Abu Dhabi, widespread reports that he had received Qatari funds before his election belied that claim, as did his post-election appointment as chief aide of a former Al Jazeera correspondent with links to Doha.

In April 2018, Somali authorities seized from a UAE plane almost $10 million in cash that Abu Dhabi said was intended to fund training of security forces that had long been underway but which Mogadishu alleged would be used to fund its political rivals.

In the aftermath of the spat, Abu Dhabi withdrew some officials from Mogadishu, evacuated a military training camp and shuttered a hospital.

The UAE also shored up its alliances with leaders in Somalia’s federal states and the breakaway republic of Somaliland. It stuck to previous port agreements in Berbera and Bosaso, as well as a military base agreement for Berbera, and reportedly is discussing the development of Kismayo, in Jubbaland federal state, over the Somali federal government’s objections. The Gulf powers’ backing of rival factions – notably Emirati support for the governments of Somalia’s federal states and Qatari support for Farmajo – has exacerbated existing tensions between Mogadishu and the regions to the point of near-conflict.

The dust-up in Mogadishu is often described by officials in Abu Dhabi as a “wake-up call” – the most blaring signal that the UAE’s interests were imperilled along the African side of the Red Sea.

For Abu Dhabi, the timing was inauspicious as well. Emirati-backed Yemeni forces had been gearing up for an offensive to move toward the Huthi-controlled port of Hodeida – an operation that was to rely heavily on assets parked across the sea in Assab. If past alliances with Djibouti and Somalia could turn on a dime, perhaps other seemingly assured relationships – such as with Eritrea – could do so, too.

1.     The Ethiopia-Eritrea Peace Deal

As the UAE’s relations with the Somali federal government soured, a new prime minister emerged in Ethiopia whose reformist economic views appealed to Abu Dhabi.

Both countries had already begun laying the groundwork for closer ties some years ago. In March 2013, the two agreed to form a joint commission to discuss economic, political and other cooperation. In April 2018, the selection by Ethiopia’s ruling coalition of a new and charismatic prime minister, Abiy Ahmed, paired with Abu Dhabi’s desire for a new partner in the Horn, catalysed a quicker alignment. As Abiy spoke of privatisation and development to unleash the potential of the Horn’s most populous country, the UAE saw a strategic and investment opportunity. Among the many constraints on Ethiopia’s growth has been its lack of sea access and consequent reliance on Djibouti as the sole outlet for its exports. The UAE’s newly signed port contracts could help. In March 2018, DP World announced that Addis Ababa would take a 19 per cent stake in the Berbera port’s development.

Now, with an energetic partner and a cornucopia of potential commercial opportunities lying in wait in Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia, Abu Dhabi launched a series of meetings and mutual delegations in a bid to forge strong ties with Abiy. Abu Dhabi’s and Riyadh’s relationships with Eritrea positioned them well to help facilitate rapprochement between Asmara and Addis Ababa, once leaders in those capitals were ready. Abu Dhabi pledged $3 billion to Ethiopia, an amount that puts the country on par with Egypt as a recipient of UAE assistance. The two Gulf countries assured Eritrea, meanwhile, that they would help lobby for the lifting of international sanctions in the coming months.

If sanctions go, Assab – which has been modernised for military sorties but not for container ships – will almost certainly be the next port to go to market for commercial development.

As seen from the Gulf, the Ethiopia-Eritrea peace deal has both economic and strategic layers.

As seen from the Gulf, the Ethiopia-Eritrea peace deal has both economic and strategic layers. Amid the UAE’s strategic setbacks in Djibouti and Somalia, the Ethiopia-Eritrea deal in many ways cements Abu Dhabi’s role as a player in Horn politics. In the weeks since the agreement was announced, Ethiopia’s prime minister also has helped spearhead efforts to improve relations with Somalia, which may in turn help smooth the rough patch between Mogadishu and Abu Dhabi – though for now little suggests rapprochement will come any time soon.

Both Abu Dhabi and Riyadh also appear to have helped behind the scenes Prime Minister Abiy’s efforts to improve relations with Egypt, another old foe. Abiy visited Cairo in June and publicly reassured Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi that Ethiopian development projects – notably the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, which Egypt fears could severely curtail its supply of Nile water – would not harm Egypt. Sisi has also taken a conciliatory approach, saying he recognises that there is no military solution to the dispute.

At the same time, Saudi Arabia has helped start a dialogue between Eritrea and Djibouti over a decade-long border conflict. Though that dialogue is still in its early days, after an initial meeting between the two countries’ leaders in Jeddah in September 2018, Djiboutian President Ismail Omar Guelleh told Saudi media that relations had “entered the normalisation phase”.

In a sense, both Abu Dhabi and Riyadh are creating facts on the ground in the Horn. In the process, they are becoming forces that cannot easily be ignored.

The payoff could be enormous for regional integration, infrastructure development and connectivity across the Red Sea. Just with regard to ports, the Horn remains one of the most underserved areas of the world relative to population, with a single modern multi-use deep-water port at Doraleh, in Djibouti.

Yet because competition with adversaries also drives the push into the Horn, risks are at least as prominent as opportunities. The contrast between the roles played by the Gulf powers in Ethiopia and Somalia is instructive. At one moment, Gulf involvement in the Horn, even if motivated in part by rivalry between two Middle East axes, can move things in the right direction, as it has with Abiy’s push for peace with Eritrea. At another, those same rivalries can destabilise and divide.

VII. Conclusion

The UAE signals repeatedly that its engagement with Africa is here to stay. In 2018, it is opening an additional six embassies on the continent, adding to the more than a dozen already there. As one Emirati official put it: “We need to diversify and strengthen our relationships outside our own region. If we only pay attention to the Middle East and North Africa, we will be bogged down in crisis. We could miss a lot of opportunities around the globe”.

While credit for the Ethiopia-Eritrea deal lies primarily with the leaders of those two countries, clearly Gulf powers, especially the UAE, played an important role in helping push forward the initial steps of a rapprochement that could be significant across the Horn. The deal demonstrated that the UAE and Saudi Arabia can play important peace-making roles. Abu Dhabi and its peers can encourage regional economic integration and help give leaders in the Horn the extra boost, including both political and financial support, they might need to make peace. Such was the story of Eritrea and Ethiopia – two countries that saw domestic interests in making peace but needed the right economic and diplomatic assurances from abroad.

The months ahead will be crucial for the success of that deal. Abiy faces enormous hurdles in his quest to reform the economy and consolidate political support. Eritrea’s reopening to the world will undoubtedly encounter unexpected challenges. For the Jeddah deal to succeed, Riyadh and Abu Dhabi will need to work proactively to keep the parties on track. They can begin by promptly following through on their aid commitments.

Despite the bright spot of Eritrea-Ethiopia peace-making, intra-Gulf competition colours Emirati involvement across the Horn.

Yet despite the bright spot of Eritrea-Ethiopia peace-making, intra-Gulf competition colours Emirati involvement across the Horn. Whether the killing of Saudi Arabian journalist Jamal Khashoggi in Saudi Arabia’s Istanbul consulate will lead to some form of rapprochement within the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), as some reports suggest might happen, remains unclear.

But even if so, the Saudi-UAE alliance is still likely to view actors such as Qatar and Turkey as competitors in strategic theatres like the Horn. Moreover, while for now Tehran’s influence is largely limited to the Yemeni side of the Red Sea, Riyadh and Abu Dhabi’s engagement in the Horn is likely to remain informed by their determination to ensure Iran does not regain a foothold, including by winning back its former allies Sudan and Eritrea.

The damage that external rivalries can inflict on the Horn was made clear in Somalia, where friction among Gulf powers, and in turn between the UAE and Farmajo’s government, has exacerbated pre-existing tension over how power and resources are divvied up between the capital and the regions. Abu Dhabi says that it wants a stable Somalia, but the country is likely to remain volatile unless strong Emirati ties to Somali regional leaders are paired with a reconciled UAE relationship with Mogadishu. Abu Dhabi could pledge to inform Farmajo’s government of its activities in the federal states – whether training security forces or developing ports – and ensure that its investment and aid benefit the country and not only its regions. The UAE also might encourage its allies in the federal states to repair their own ties to Mogadishu.

Abu Dhabi faces a choice in how much its Middle Eastern rivalries shape its Horn engagement. If competition remains a primary driver, results will almost certainly be mixed. In some places the UAE may still help bridge divides, even if partly motivated by shoring up its own influence at the expense of rivals. Elsewhere, however, competition could put Horn governments in a difficult spot, forcing them to choose between the two Gulf axes or exacerbating local conflicts in new ways. Ultimately, zero-sum competition in the Horn risks upsetting both the internal politics of the region’s diverse states and the balance of power among those states. Outside powers may win short-term gains, but over time everyone stands to lose from greater Horn instability.

Abu Dhabi/Washington/Brussels, 6 November 2018

Martin Plaut | November 7, 2018 at 1:53 pm | Tags: Horn of Africa, United Arab Emirates | Categories: International Crisis Group, Reports, Uncategorized | URL: https://wp.me/p9mKWT-qh

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In response to reports that the US has changed its stance on sanctions against the Eritrean government, the State Department has issued this statement.

“The United States welcomes continued efforts from the State of Eritrea to pursue peace, prosperity, and reform. We will continue to support efforts throughout the region towards peace, integration, and cooperation on shared objectives and challenges. We are not going to speculate or get ahead of ongoing discussions at the UN regarding these issues.

Separately, we continue to call for Eritrea to release long-detained U.S. Embassy Locally Employed Staff members.”

Wednesday, 07 November 2018 23:36

First Eritrean elected to US Congress

Written by

Joe Neguse, whose parents fled from Eritrea, became Colorado’s first African-American member of Congress. The profile below is from his own website.

Here’s his first campaign video.

One report described his family in these terms.

“His parents are refugees from Eritrea, a one-party state in east Africa that does not hold national elections. They both fled Eritrea in 1980, when it was embroiled in a civil war with Ethiopia. Neguse’s father, Debesai, had been an English teacher in Eritrea; he enrolled at California State University, Bakersfield, while working. His mother, Azeib, also wound up in Bakersfield, where she held down numerous jobs, including that of bank teller.”

Joe’s Story

As a 34-year-old son of refugees from Africa, Joe is not your typical candidate for Congress. But his family’s story, and deeply held belief that we need people from all walks of life to speak up and engage in our democracy, has motivated him to run for Congress and fight for Colorado values in Washington D.C.

Joe Neguse Joe is an attorney, civic leader, and public servant who has spent his career fighting to expand opportunities for families across our state. Joe and his wife Andrea (who grew up in Broomfield) consider themselves incredibly lucky to call the beautiful City of Lafayette home, where they are raising their newborn daughter Natalie and enjoy running on Boulder County’s amazing trails with their puppy Teddy (a pug-Aussie mix). Joe has lived in the 2nd Congressional District for the last 15 years, and was honored to represent the people of the district as an elected member of CU’s Board of Regents.

Over 35 years ago, Joe’s parents fled Eritrea, a war-torn country in East-Africa, and immigrated to the United States as refugees, eventually settling in Colorado, where he and his sister were raised.  As hardworking immigrants and naturalized citizens, Joe’s parents never forgot nor took for granted the freedom and opportunities the United States gave them and their children. Their experience motivated Joe to be an active participant in our democracy at an early age, and to give back through public service.

First, after graduating from the University of Colorado at Boulder summa cum laude and working for the then-Speaker of the Colorado House of Representatives, Andrew Romanoff, Joe co-founded New Era Colorado, the state’s largest youth voter registration and mobilization non-profit in Colorado.  The organization, which has been featured in the New York Times and Time Magazine, has since registered over 150,000 young people to vote across the state, secured successful passage of progressive legislation at the state level (including online voter registration and 16/17 year-old voter preregistration), and has led the fight locally against climate change.

Joe Neguse and President ObamaLater, while still in law school at CU, Joe was elected in 2008 by the voters of the 2nd Congressional District to serve on the CU Board of Regents, becoming only the second African-American to be elected Regent in Colorado’s history. Joe served a six-year term on the Board (which oversees the CU-System, the fourth largest employer in the state with an operating budget of $3.4 billion), including two-years as Chair of the Audit Committee. As a Regent, Joe fought to make higher education more affordable and accessible and to build consensus on tough issues, sponsoring several resolutions that received bi-partisan and unanimous support, including efforts to lower student health insurance costs and make voter registration more accessible to students, as well as working to increase wages for the University’s lowest-paid workers.

Joe Neguse talks with reporter during Financial Literacy MonthThen, following his term as a Regent, Joe was appointed at the age of 31 to lead the state’s consumer protection agency, making him one of the youngest people to serve in a state-Cabinet across the country.  He led the department—an agency with roughly 600 employees and a $90 million budget—for two years, leading the fight to expand economic opportunities by protecting the civil rights of every Coloradan and strengthening consumer protections and safeguards.  During his tenure the agency achieved key victories, including the recovery of millions of dollars for consumers, investigations culminating in significant financial-fraud cases, the championing of legislation to combat financial fraud against seniors, and launch of the state’s first online filing system for civil rights discrimination complaints. In recognition of his work to expand the agency’s consumer protection mission, Joe was awarded the 2017 “Consumer Protection Award” by the international Council on Licensure, Enforcement and Regulation.

Joe’s public service is rooted in his firm belief that we should be expanding—not restricting—opportunities for all Coloradans, and he has spent his career doing the same. The opportunity to immigrate to our incredible country and pursue the American dream; to attend college, and participate in our economy; and ultimately, to shape our democracy. Joe’s belief that all Coloradans are entitled to these opportunities, shaped by his parent’s journey and experience, has been a guiding principle in his life, and he’s ready to fight for these opportunities every day in the United States Congress.

ከም ዝፍለጥ ኣብ ወርሒ 3. 2018 ኤርትራውያን ደቂ ኣንስትዮ ፣ ካብ ሙሉእ ኤውሮጳ ኣብ ሃገር ሆላንድ ከተማ ደንሃግ ኣኸባ ድሕሪ ምግባርና፣ ሓደ ካብቲ ስምምዕ፣ ነፍስወከፍ ማሕበር ኣብ ቦቦተኤና ማሕበር ክንተክል ድሕሪ ምስምማዕና፣ ኣብ ሃገረ ጀርመን እንርከብ ደቂ ኣንስትዮ ኤርትራውያን ብመሰረት ስምምዕና ማሕበር ንምትካል ፣ ብዕለት 19-21 10.18 ኣብ ከተማ ፍራንክፎርት ጉባኤን ባዓወት ኣሳላሲለና።

ኣቲ ቀንዲ ክንገልጾን ንኻእል ኣብ ዞባታትና ኣብነት ክኸውን እንብሎ፣ ኣብ ጀርመን ነዊሕ ዕድመ ዝነበረን ማሕበር ተበግሶ ኤርትራውያን ደቂ ኣንስትዮ፣ ዝብል ዝነበረ፣ ንጥርናፈን ንሓድነትን ደቂ ኣንስትዮ ኢለን፣ በቲ ጉባኤ ዝወሰኖ ፣ ብሙሉእ ድምጺ፣ ማሕበር ደቂ ኣንስትዮ ኤርትራውያን ዝብል ስም ተከእና። ከምእውን እቲ ናይ ማሕበር ደቂ ኣንስትዮ ተብግሶ ንዲፊ ወሲደና ጉባኣኛታት በበሓደ ብምምልካት ገለ ብምእራም ሕጊ ማሕበር ደቂ ኣንስትዮ ኤርትራውያን ጀርመን ክኽውን ብሙሉእ ብድምጺ ኣስሚረናሉ። ሓዲሽ ኣርማ ማሕበር ክህልወና ብዝብል ብደሞክራስያዊ ኣገባብ ሙሉእ ገዛ ወሲኑ።ብኸምዚ ኣጋባብ ድማ ሓሙሽተ መሪሕነት፣ ክልተ ተጣባባቅቲ፣ ሰለስተ ተቆጻጸርቲ ብደሞክራስያዊ ኣጋባብ መሪሕነት መሪጽና። ኣዚ ክንብል ከለና ዝነበረ ሃዋሁ ንሓድነት ደቂ ኣንስትዮ ኤርትራውያን ዝዕድም ጉልጽነት ብሩህ ተስፋ ዝተሓዎሶ ብምንባሩ ብጣዕምሚ ዝሕጉስን ንመጻኢ ጉባኣኛታት ተስፋ ኣንቢሩሉ።

በዚ ኣጋጣሚ እዚ ንኹለን ደቂ ኣንስትዮ ኣብ ማሕበር ዘለወን ድዩ ውልቀሰባት ጻዊዕትና ነቅርብ፣ምኽንያቱ ተፋላሊና ክንደይ ዓመት እንትርፊ ክሳራ ለውጢ ስለ ዘየምጻእና እንኮ መፍቲሕና ኩለን ማሕበራት ኣብ ሓደ ተጠሪፍና እጃምና ክነበርክት እዩ ጻዊዕትና።

ሰላምን ቅሳነትን ንህዝቢ ኤርትራ

ዘላኣለማዊ ክብርን ሞጎስን ንሰማእታትና

ዓወትና ኣብ ሓድነትና

ጀርመን.  31.10.2018